Alzheimers Disease Essay - 718 Words

Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a disease of the brain that causes a steady decline in memory. This results in dementia, which is loss of intellectual functions severe enough to interfere with everyday life. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, affecting ten percent of people over 65 years old, and nearly 50 percent of those age 85 or older. My grandmother was diagnosed with â€Å"probable† Alzheimer’s disease over two years ago. After finding this out, I wanted to know more about this particular disease. Alzheimer’s disease usually begins gradually, causing a person to forget recent events and to have difficulty performing familiar tasks. How rapidly the disease advances varies from person to person.†¦show more content†¦Family history is another big factor. Having a parent or sibling with the disease increases a person’s chances of developing Alzheimer’s. Scientists have found one gene that raises Alzheimer risk as well as several faulty genes causing rare forms of Alzheimer’s that tend to occur before age 65. There are many affects of having Alzheimer’s disease. One of the most common is forgetting recently learned information. While it’s somewhat normal to forget appointments, names, or telephone numbers, those with Alzheimer’s will forget such things more often and not remember them later. They also find it hart to complete everyday tasks that are so familiar we usually don’t stop to think about how to do them. People with Alzheimer’s will also often forget simple words or substitutes unusual words, making their speech or writing hard to understand. People with Alzheimer’s usually have disorientation to time and place. They can become lost on their own street, forget where they are and how they got there, and not know how to get back home. They also have poor or decreased judgment. They may dress without regard to the weather or give away large amounts of money. Alzheimer’s causes people to have problems with abstract thinking. When balancing a checkbook they could completely forget what the numbers are and what needs to be done with them. A person with Alzheimer’s disease may put things in unusual places: an iron in the freezer or a wristwatch inShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease945 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurological disease; it often attacks the brain tissues causing memory loss of one’s identity and regular behaviors. Statistics indicates that the rate of predicted people to get Alzheimer’s will increase briskly as time goes on. There are currently no cures for such disastrous disease, but there are currently approved treatments available that can help people within the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Once the disease is too far alongRead MoreAlzheimers Disease3170 Words   |  13 PagesThe Role of Caregiving to Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Megan Zann April 27, 2012 Health Psychology Dr. Ackerman Introduction It is normal to periodically forget your keys or a homework assignment, because you generally remember these things later. However, individuals who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease may forget things more often, but they do not remember them again. The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease has dramatically increased because people are living longer. This is a result ofRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that gets worse over time. It leads to nerve cell death, and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions. It gradually destroys a persons memory and ability to learn and carry out daily activities such as talking, eating, and going to the bathroom† (What Is Alzheimer’s). Early symptoms include personality changes, memory impairment, problems with language, decision-making ability, judgmentRead MoreAlzheimers Dis ease Essay2414 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the disease of the century. This disease is affecting many lives, families, and caregivers. This research presented is to help educate on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease, which many people aren’t aware enough about. Statistics are given to show how extreme this disease is, and how many people it’s affecting in society. Also statistics are presented that give the amount of money being spent relating to Alzheimer’s disease. This research explainsRead MoreAlzheimer’s Disease Essay2544 Words   |  11 PagesAlzheimer’s disease defined: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, terminal, degenerative brain disease. It is the fourth leading cause of death in adults and currently affects over four million people in the United States. This number is expected to increase over the next several years as the baby boomers age, until it reaches fourteen million by the year 2025. Alzheimer disease generally occurs in people over seventy five years of age; however it does strike people in their forties, fiftiesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease2405 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease is a condition that affects 50% of the population over the age of eighty five, which equals four million Americans each year. It is becoming an important and high-profile issue in todays society for everyone. There are rapid advancements being made in the fight against this disease now more than ever, and the purpose of this essay is to educate the public on the background as well as the new discoveries. There are many new drugs that are being tested and studied every day whichRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Topic: Alzheimer’s Disease Specific Purpose: To help my audience understand what Alzheimer’s Disease is. Thesis Statement: The need to educate people on Alzheimer’s Disease for family members or friends in-case a loved one is diagnosed. Introduction: A. What would one do if their family member or friend knew of someone who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease? What would they do to help or take care of this family member? Well, I work in a nursing home with the elderly with this diseaseRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesAlzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubulesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease 512 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor medical advancements like the world has never seen before, some diseases still continue t o plague the human race and confuse even some of the brightest scientists today. Unfortunately, Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one of them and it affects between 2.4 and 4.5 million people in America. Alzheimer’s is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but in rarer cases people as young as 16 have it. Since it is a degenerative disease, patients develop it with few symptoms at an earlier stage, but thenRead More Alzheimer’s Disease Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewed

Autonomy and Responsibility in Nazi Germany - 1435 Words

Autonomy and Responsibility in Nazi Germany Throughout history, the struggle of people finding their rights in society has played a major role, especially in the Nazi ideology. During this struggle, societies tried to determine who had rights, what a person owed to society and the duties of an individual. Nazis believed in the Volk, which meant people in the sense of a race, not individuals. Nazis saw the Volk as the major component in society, and therefore based the rest of their beliefs on a persons place in the society on the idea of preserving the pure Volk. The rights a person obtained were based on achieving this goal of preserving the Volk as well. The Nazi view of autonomy and responsibility of the individuals in†¦show more content†¦Thus, they eliminated all rights these non-citizens had in the nation, including the right to exist. The extermination of the non-Germans was seen to them as a way of preventing contamination of the German culture. They were afraid that Jews wanted to take over the world and that would destroy the platforms of the nations. They believed that à ¬Jews destroy the peoples both in religion and moralsà ® and exterminating them was the only way to keep German power.3 In order to exterminate these people, the Final Solution was enacted in 1935. The Final Solution began with the Nuremberg Laws. These laws denied citizenship to Jews, based a persons race on their ancestry, prohibited Jews from marrying Germans, ended exemptions on restrictions for Jewish veterans, prohibited the employment of Germans by Jews, and required that all Jews wear the star of David at all times for easy identification.4 The second step came in 1938 when Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and Socialists were shipped to concentration camps and the real extermination began in the gas chambers.5 The Nazis saw peo ple not of the main volk as nothing and therefore did not even think that they had the right to live. Once a person was considered a German citizen, their rights were officially established. Germans were given equality in their rights, in the nation and in comparison to other countries. However, the state was the main provider of the opportunities of theShow MoreRelatedThe Versailles Treaty World War I Ended1310 Words   |  6 Pagesthe creation of the Versailles Treaty World War I ended. It ensured that national identity and independence was preserved limiting Germany powers. Like with everything in life there were some negative effects of the treaty. The worst â€Å"side effect† was that it lead to World War II giving rise to Hitler’s powers. The Germans were deeply hurt placing â€Å"war guilt† on Germany. Once WWI ended one of the biggest side effects of WWI was the physical destruction, besides millions of people died or got injuredRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide918 Words   |  4 Pages Opponents of active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide contend that doctors have a moral responsibility to keep their patients alive as reflected by the Hippocratic Oath. A sample of the Oath states, Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not playRead MoreTo What Extent Was Hitler a Weak Dictator? Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesTo what extent was Hitler a ‘weak dictator’? The debate as to whether Hitler was a ‘weak dictator’ or ‘Master of the Third Reich’ is one that has been contested by historians of Nazi Germany for many years and lies at the centre of the Intentionalist – Structuralist debate. On the one hand, historians such as Bullock, Bracher, Jackel and Hildebrand regard Hitler’s personality, ideology and will as the central locomotive in the Third Reich. Others, such as Broszat, Mason and Mommsen argue thatRead MoreUnethical And Criminal Behavior During The Prussian Parliament944 Words   |  4 PagesThe experiment with human subject was brought to an attention to the Prussian Parliament, when several unethical and criminal behaviors were traced in the field of research in Germany in the nineteenth century. The research was mainly conducted unethically in the hospitals, mainly without any informed consent. The turning point for the establishment of universal rule regarding human experiment was done af ter the case of Neisser, where in 1898, Albert Neisser, who discovered the gonococcus and professorRead More Autonomy versus Responsibility: A critique of Nuremberg Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesAutonomy versus Responsibility: A critique of Nuremberg This case is unusual in that the defendants are charged with crimes committed in the name of the law†¦. ( United States 31) So began Brigadier General Taylor in his opening statement against a selection of German jurists after the Second World War. This trial, United States of America against Josef Altstoetter et al., commonly referred to as the Justice Case because all of the defendants were somehow attached to the Nazi judicialRead MoreAmerica And The Great War Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagescauses of World War I was nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the main cause which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip of Serbia. While the United States attempted to remain neutral and stay out of the war, Germany choose actions that gave the U.S. no choice but to enter and help their Allies defeat the other powers. Militarism preferred force as a solution to problems, which was one of many things that led to World War I. Nations mobilized their militaryRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesknown achievements are coining the term lifespan development and his eight stage theory of psychosocial development. Erikson was born on June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany. Although he had converted to Christianity from Judaism, Erikson and his family fled to The United States during World War II due to the Nazi rule over Germany. On May 12, 1994, Erik Erikson died at the age of 91 after a brief illness in Massachusetts. Erik Erikson’s  Psychosocial Developmental Theory The first stage of ErikRead MoreTo what Extent was Hitlet Able to Control the Church Essay2529 Words   |  11 PagesSection A: Plan of Investigation. During the reign of Nazi Germany, the Church was subjected to as much adversity as any other institution in Germany. Any establishment that was perceived as a threat to Hitler could not be endured and the churches of Nazi Germany posed as a number of threats as they were powerful and well established institutions. Even though he sometimes associated Nazism with Christianity, his real beliefs were clearly hostile towards the faith. Which leads me to my research question:Read MoreThe Government As An Intermediate Agency2120 Words   |  9 PagesThe government is an intermediate agency which has the main, though by no means the exclusive, responsibility for society’s adherence to the principles which favour increased autonomy and respect for people’s choices. When one thinks about the work of governments throughout history, they look like extremely obnoxious, or at least dangerous, artefacts, for which the need, and, consequently, the conditions and limits, require moral justification. The mere fact that the government prescribes somethingRead MoreWhat Is The Real Cost Of Imperialism?1480 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the real cost of Imperialism? Is it a human cost or a cultural cost? Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Iran has been embroiled in a struggle to maintain its own autonomy against western influences as mentioned by Shiva Balaghi in her work entitled â€Å"A Brief History of 20th-Century Iran† (Balaghi). Western involvement has plagued the Middle East for a long time, especially upon Iranians. Much of this is due to Iran being situated in such a strategic position in the Middle East.

Newscorp strategic planning process model Free Essays

NewsCorp (News Corporation) is a public company which is listed on the Australian and New York Stock Exchange. The corporation is also listed as a secondary listing on the London Stock Exchange. Newscorp was formerly incorporated in South Australia, and after a majority of the company’s shareholders approved relocation, Newscorp was re-incorporated in Delaware, in the United States on the 12th of November, 2004. We will write a custom essay sample on Newscorp strategic planning process model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Newscorp has its headquarters in New York, at 1211 Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Ave.), in the more modern 1960s-1970s corridor of the Rockefeller Center complex. I. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Rupert Murdoch inherited assets in 1952, after his father died, and was able to create Newscorp was created in 1980, as a holding company for News Limited. Murdoch created news limited from assets he inherited in the year 1952 after his father, Sir Keith Murdoch died. A main asset left to him was the ownership of the Adelaide news. A. Businesses In: News corp. is today, to be one of the largest transnational media conglomerates on this planet. Its headquarters is in Sidney, Australia, almost every major parts of the world: United States, Continental Europe, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Latin America Asia etc covered by its global business operations including production and distribution of motion pictures and TV, Publication of newspaper, magazines and books. (http://www.courses.psu.edu/comm/comm497d_amh13/fall01/newscorp.html) In 1987, the company [through subsidiary news international] mad an adjustment in the production process of its British newspapers, something the printing union had long maintained a highly restrictive grip. Some numbers of senior Australian media moguls were brought into Murdoch’s powerhouse, including John Dux, who was the managing director of the south china morning post. This resulted to conflict with the printing unions NGA and SOGAT. When News international’s London operation was to whapping in the East End, it resulted to nightly battles outside the new plant. Delivery vans and depots were frequently and violently attacked, ultimately the union capitulated. In 1995, fox network was scrutinized by the federal communication commission [FCC] when it was alleged that its Australian base made Murdoch’s ownership of fox illegal. They however ruled in his favor stating that his ownership of fox was in the public’s best interest. It was also noted that the stations themselves were owned by a separate company whose chief shareholder was U.S. citizen Murdoch, nearly all of the stations’ equity was controlled by Newscorp. Newscorp announced a deal in the same year with MCI communication to develop a major website as well as launch the foxtel pay television network in Australia in   partnership with Telstra and publishing and broadcasting limited. In 1996, fox established the fox news channel, a 24hrs cable news station. In 1999, its music holding in Australia was significantly expanded by acquiring the controlling share in a leading Australian based label, Michael Gudinski’s mushroom records, merging it with already held festive records [FMR]. They were both managed by Rupert Murdoch’s son James Murdoch for several years. In late 2003, newsdorp acquired a 34% in Hughes direct TV from General Motors for electronic operations of the largest American TV system, $6billion. Newscorp reached an agreement in 2007 to purchase Dow Jones publications of the wall street journal for an estimated $ 5.6billion. On 15 Oct 2007, the corporation spun off a business news channel from fox news, fox business news. â€Å"Their lawyers reviewed all the details of the contract between Dow Jones and cnbc† said Alex Glock fox business news’s vice president and the channel’s morning anchor. But she added, â€Å"We will actively use the other Dow Jones properties†. (Alex Glock) B. Goal Clarification Making the most of Dow Jones: Cohen pointed to newscorp’s. past statement that it could realize $50million in cost savings, specific offers were demurred by chermin, saying we believe there are significant cost savings on the print side. â€Å"We would like to see the deal close before we offer any number or predications. In the broadcast terms, Dow Jones NYSE News .people revenue comes from two areas and one of those areas print, is under -leveraged.† (http://rate.forbes.com/comments/CommentServlet?op=cpagesourcename=storyStoryURI=2007/09/17/newscorp-earnings-digital-tech-cx_pco_0917paidcontent.html) C. Strategies and Tactics fulfilling the Goals Annual conference: News Corporation always organizes an annual management conference, discussing media related issues to geopolitics. Those that attend include news corporation executives, senor journalist, politicians and celebrities. Cancun, Mexico, Australia, hosted such events. They were private and secretive, records are not available for the agenda neither were talks given at the conference and no uninvited journalist are permitted access. The 2006 event was in pebble beach California led by Rupert Murdoch, leaked copy of the agenda to the Los Angeles Times and other media accounts showed that issues discussed related from Europe to broadcasting and new media terrorism to the national policy. The event included speeches from Rupert Murdoch, former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, Prime Minister Tony Blair, Bono, Al Gore, Hillary and Bill Clinton etc. D. Environmental Analysis News Corporation made its first acquisition in the United States in 1973 when it purchased the San Antonio Express- News and after founded the National Star, a supermarket tabloid and purchased the New York post in 1976. in 1981, it bought half the movie studio 20th century fox and the other half in 1984. In 1958, it announced it was buying the metro media group of stations, setting the stage for the launch of a fourth U.S broadcast network. In September 4 1985, Murdoch became a naturalized citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only United States citizens could buy and own television stations. In 1986, the metro media deal closed and the fox broadcasting company was lauded. This network known and seen as â€Å"FOX† can now be picked up in over 96% of US household. In 1987, newscorp bought the Herald and Weekly Times ltd. In Australia the company that Rupert Murdoch’s father had once managed. By 1991, newscorp had amassed Hugh debt which forced it to sell many of the American magazine interest it had acquired in the 1980s. Much of this debt came from its stake in the sky television satellite network in the uk, which incurred massive losses in its early years of operation which was subsidized with profits heavily from other of its holdings until it forced its rival to accept a merger on its terms in 1990. The merger company BSKYB has dominated the British pay- TV market since. E. Competitive Analysis News Corporation. [NYSE: NWS, NWSA, ASX: NWS, NWSLV.] As at December 2007, News Corp had total assets of approximately US $69billion and total revenue of $31billion. They are diversified in their entertainment with operations in eight industries segments: television, filmed entertainment, cable network programmes, direct broadcast satellite television, magazines and inserts etc. newscorp activities are conducted in the United States, Continental Europe, UK, Australia and Pacific Basin. F. Strengths and Weaknesses of the organization News Corp’s revenue for the year ended as at June 30, 2007 was $28.655billion with operating income of $4.452billion. â€Å"This does not include newscorp’s minority shares of the revenue from direct TV and British sky broadcasting, almost 70% of the company’s sales is from its U.S. business.† (http://www.newscorp.com/investor/investments.html) References Alex Glock http://www.courses.psu.edu/comm/comm497d_amh13/fall01/newscorp.html http://www.newscorp.com/investor/investments.html http://rate.forbes.com/comments/CommentServlet?op=cpagesourcename=storyStoryURI=2007/09/17/newscorp-earnings-digital-tech-cx_pco_0917paidcontent.html http://www.hofstra.edu/Libraries/Axinn/axinn_jnstructions_busres_bzhmpage.cfm http://www.newscorp.com/Report2007/AnnualReport2007/HTML2/news_corp_ar2007_0069.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/business/news/e3i729f8835496e3ace5be346c06e9db2f7 http://www.news.com.au/business/story/0,23636,22617852-14334,00.html http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960821-2,00.html http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960821-3,00.html http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i118a16d2ff59590bd77181d8da9c9fb9 Fox Business makes TV debut, Hollywood Reporter, 16 October 2007. Accessed: 10-17-2007 Fox Business Network blazes new trail, USA Today, 14 October 2007. Accessed: 10-17-2007. Fox Business: Fluff meets financial, Toronto Globe and Mail, 16 October 2007. Accessed: 10-17-2007. http://www.theage.com.au/news/BUSINESS/News-Corp-Murdoch-trust-sells-shares/2007/11/16/1194766914058.html â€Å"Murdoch’s son sees pay doubled ahead of exit† http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5248387077652418022q=alwaleedhl=en Kercheval, Nancy and Danielle Rossingh. â€Å"News Corp. to Sell U.S. TV Stations for $1.1 Billion (Update5)†, Bloomberg.com, 2007-12-22. Retrieved on 2007-12-22. â€Å"Murdoch’s Pebble Beach shindig†, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. â€Å"Bono and Blair to join Murdoch on the beach†, Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. â€Å"The PM, the mogul and the secret agenda†, Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. FCC, (2001). FCC Approves Fox/Chris-Craft Merger with Conditions, FCC 01-209 www.fcc.gov Fox Entertainment Group, (2001). Annual Report www.fox.com Hoovers, (2001). Profile on News Corp. www.hoovers.com Hoovers, (2001). Profile on Fox Entertainment Group www.hoovers.com Hoovers, (2001). September 11 Consequences, www.hoovers.com, downloaded on 11/29/01. Hoovers, (2001). News Corporation Reports Double Digit Film Operating Income Growth in First Quarter, www.hoovers.com, downloaded on 11/29/01. News Corporation Inc. (2001). Annual Report www.newscorp.com News Corporation Inc. (2001). Executive Management www.newscorp.com/management/ The Star (2001). Murdoch says 50:50 chance to win Hughes, www.hoovers.com Valueline (2001). Profile on News Corp. www.valueline.com How to cite Newscorp strategic planning process model, Essay examples

Statistics and Business Research Method Analysis

Question: Discuss about the statistics and business research method. Answer: Introduction to the Business Research Topic Sustainability has become the major factor, which is continuously emphasised by the leading nations throughout the world. The term has become one of the most valued concepts within the energy industry worldwide as well as the different households in the UK. Therefore, the country has provided significant importance to the recycling process of the waste generated by various households and the primary industries to influence the respective environment for achieving the sustainability (Rodrigues, et al. 2013). It is clear that the achievement of sustainability in the overall industry is known as one of the broader societal systems requiring some planned sets of approach. Thus, the particular research is intended to explore the challenges and opportunities in terms of socio-concerns approaches, which are socially approached and equitable. In order to conduct the research, the critical prominence is provided to the waste management procedures and practices by considering the global enviro nmental concerns. Literature Review This specific section is developed with the intension to focus on the reviewing of literature comprising of the theories concerned with the management of waste. In this case, the selection of literature focusing primarily on the contemporary waste management process is made in a suitable manner covering the challenges encountered during attempting and introducing the proper management practices by the country in line with the environmental sustainability (Caballero-Guzman, Sun, and Nowack 2015). Therefore, the theories and articles reviewed, as part of developing this vital section, bears the primary aim of the research based on the improvement of the sustainability approaches the UK government has undertaken for the last five years towards the overall environment of the country. Based on the investigation to the WasteDataFlow (2014), the particular program named WasteDataFlow was established in 2004 with the purpose of ensuring the challenges can be avoided amongst the different government departments and institutions. One of the most significant challenges can be identified as the repetition of the activities causing the emergence of a particular problem. In order to achieve the purpose, the program has successfully established an electronic access system for accessing the accurate data involving the individual governmental departments promptly (Tanskanen 2013). Moreover, the system also ensured the program to compare the generated data effectively across the local authorities of different regions of the country. Apart from that, the result of an important investigation to the Waste Framework Directive (2008) suggests that program established by the UK government is aimed to recycle 50% of the accumulated waste of the country by 2020. By reviewing the parti cular directive, it can be observed that the factor provides primary emphasis on the maximising efforts of the different producers in a mean to reduce the generated wastes including the industrial and household wastes (Kleme 2013). It is worth to mention that there are different guidelines and frameworks developed by the European Union (EU) for setting the target of waste reduction and recycling. Therefore, the government of UK over the past years has continuously attempted to develop these guidelines for reducing and recycling the amount of wasted generated within the country. Landfill Directive is a practical example of such initiative adopted by the government of the country aiming to reduce the quantity of biodegradable waste to 35%. As dictated by the Office of National Statistics (ONS 2014), the continuous evolution of the WasteDataFlow program can be observed during the time between 2010 and 2014. It is identified that the particular application is responsible for storing and analysing the waste information related to the country by replacing the earlier program known as Audit Commission (Silva, De Brito, and Dhir 2014). The particular evolution of the program during the proposed timeframe was based on conducting the reviewing of information quarterly, instead of annually. Furthermore, the information is accessed and compared electronically, unlike the approaches adopted by the Audit Commission. Considering the initial review of literature, it is clear that the waste management strategies and procedures embraced by the UK government over the past five years focus greatly on the sustainable development of the overall environment. According to UNCSD (2002), various types of challenges related to the society can be successfully identified by the help of these sustainable development practices, which provide stress on how a human should communicate within their surrounding environment. Research Questions The principle questions of the research are based on the basic aim, and these are associated with the primary research objectives integrated with the overall process (Emmanuel and Baker 2012). These questions are formed and highlighted below: How are the waste management procedures and practices evolved and varied within the United Kingdom over the past five years of 2010 to 2014? What are the major differences amongst the introduced wasted management techniques and practices regarding the various regions based on the extracted information from these areas as part of the country? Which region or area is the most ineffective in terms of designing and developing the waste management approaches and practices? Research Methodologies and Techniques In order to achieve the objectives of the research and be able to address the primary research questions adequately, the methods and techniques of the research are shaped up. In the case of this research, the methodologies will be adopted to ensure the generated waste can be reviewed, and the performance of each region of the UK can be measured efficiently (Fewings 2013). Various techniques applied as part of the methodology section will be developed with the purpose of reviewing the overall waste generated in the different regions or states of the country for the past five years (2010 to 2014). Considering the techniques implemented in the methodology section of the overall project, the information extracted from the five primary years will be identified, categorised, and quantified to determine the treatment costs associated with the accumulated waste. Apart from that, the analysis technique of the collected data will be done to check the compliance of the processes with the relevant environmental guidelines (Mead and Gruneberg 2013). The identified techniques will ensure the establishment of an appropriate framework associated with the analysis of waste management across the results obtained from the past five years. Project Plan (Gantt chart) Below section will be comprised of a Gantt chart for clearly highlighting the significant milestones of the research with their expected timeframe for completion. Description of Research Process In order to satisfy the requirements of conducting a five-year review of the waste management techniques and practices embraced by the different regions of the UK, both quantitative and qualitative surveys are considered. Quantitative surveys are based on investigating the database of numerous English WCAs and WCAs from the Eastern Region. The particular approach is identified for ensuring the collection of more information from the different years to establish a suitable report comprising of the research findings (Ng 2012). Importantly, one of the important aims for determining and identifying the quantitative research process is to inaugurate a link between the key findings obtained from the identified literature and the practical examples derived from the numerous regions of the country. It is worth to mention that there is a significant relationship between the socio-economic factors and the recycling rates within the particular community. On the other hand, another important research process is developed by a qualitative survey designed to investigate the feedbacks provided by the different government practitioners (Oakshott 2012). The effectiveness of the process is dedicated to managing the waste services offered to the residents of different regions across the United Kingdom over the past five years. Description of Data Collection and Analysis Method In order to collect the data and analysing the information obtained, four vital sources are considered: Different reports related to the waste contracts within the country as developed by the waste contractors associated with the various industry Different kinds of TA schedules associated with the various industries Reports covering the household production of waste and their successful management by the local authorities The operational system of the intranet system established to track the quantity of waste generated in a particular region Expected Research Outcomes With the help of the proposed methodologies pertaining the research process, techniques, and analysis, it is expected to highlight the generated waste in different areas of the UK and the adopted waste management techniques. The previous research conducted by various scholars over the year by concentrating on the same topic has come up with the findings that England is one of the highest waste generated countries among the other regions of the Kingdom (Suvarna, Layton, and Bancroft 2013). Furthermore, it is indicated that the waste produced in England is typically significant in comparison with the other major cities throughout the world. Therefore, this report is expected to come up with the findings that multiple initiatives and practices accepted by the government of England have successfully able to reduce the waste production by recycling the generated waste from activities of various industries and households (Wu 2012). In conclusion, it is further anticipated that the areas of improvements can be delivered to the government bodies of England to reduce the amount of waste generated in the overall UK. References Caballero-Guzman, A., Sun, T. and Nowack, B., 2015. Flows of engineered nanomaterials through the recycling process in Switzerland.Waste management,36, pp.33-43. Emmanuel, M. and Baker, K. (2012).Carbon management in the built environment. London: Routledge. Fewings, P. (2013).Construction project management. London: Routledge. Kleme, J.J. ed., 2013.Handbook of process integration (PI): minimisation of energy and water use, waste and emissions. Elsevier. Mead, J. and Gruneberg, S. (2013).Programme procurement in construction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Ng, J. (2012).Understanding the geological and medical interface of arsenic, As2012. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Oakshott, L. (2012).Essential quantitative methods for business, management and finance. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Rodrigues, F., Carvalho, M.T., Evangelista, L. and de Brito, J., 2013. Physicalchemical and mineralogical characterization of fine aggregates from construction and demolition waste recycling plants.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, pp.438-445. Silva, R.V., De Brito, J. and Dhir, R.K., 2014. Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production.Construction and Building Materials,65, pp.201-217. Suvarna, S., Layton, C. and Bancroft, J. (2013).Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques. [Oxford]: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Tanskanen, P., 2013. Management and recycling of electronic waste.Acta materialia,61(3), pp.1001-1011. Wu, S. (2012).Green building materials III. Durnten-Zurich: Trans Tech.

Love in Twelfth Night free essay sample

â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth† is one of Shakespeare’s infamous quotes from one of his plays, namely, A Midsummer Night’s Dream. It is a quote that remains timeless throughout the ages and is centered on the theme of love and it explores the hardships associated with being In ‘true love’. Such is the same in Shakespeare’s depiction and presentation of love in another play written by him, which will be the main focus, Twelfth Night. The quote addresses Shakespeare’s depiction of the theme of love especially in regards to the two main themes of love—unrequited and true love. Additionally, he highlights minor types of love such as brotherly (love between siblings), friendly love (love between friends) and narcissistic love specifically the idea of being in love. In Twelfth Night, Shakespeare seems to promote the image of unrequited love throughout the play up until the resolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Love in Twelfth Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This image of love is manifested in the illustration of a love triangle, in which Viola loves Orsino, who loves Olivia, who in turn loves Viola/Cesario; thus completing the triangle. The spectacle responsible for love being unrequited is disguise. The dilemma of viols love not being returned is not intentional or due to preference but is as a result of circumstance; that circumstance being disguise. It is Viola’s disguise as a male, taking on the appearance of a male (her own brother Sebastian), that make it difficult for Orsino to love her. She has manipulated her features so that her disposition is feigned and hence her true identity is withheld. This is the reason for which Orsino is unable to return her affection. Shakespeare uses this as an opportunity to depict love as not always ‘running smooth’ but having barriers. For Orsino is naturally fond of her, despite her masculine guise, as he shows his affection towards her; commenting on her/his appearance as having feminine like qualities. Evidence is also given of his fondness towards Cesario in Act 2 Scene 4 when Valentine, an attendant of Orsino’s Court, remarks â€Å"If the Duke continues  these favors towards you Cesario, you are like to be much advanced; he hath known you but three days and already you are no stranger† and even Orsino himself states: â€Å"I have unclasped to thee the book even of my secret soul†, but the fact that she is perceived as a male, it quashes any lingering thoughts. Hence, he directs his energy to Olivia, who passionately professes his love for. He does this with expressions such as â€Å"O when mine eyes did see Olivia at first methought she purg’d the air of pestilence and that instant I turn’d into a hart and mine desires, like fell and cruel hounds ever since pursue me†. However, Olivia in a state of mourning and grievance over the death of her father and more recently her brother refuses to attend to matters concerning love. Later, when she is confronted by Cesario, who becomes the Dukes messenger, she seems not to be charmed by it refers to it as ‘heresy’-false doctrine. She remarks, â€Å"Oh I have read it – it is heresy† and in another breathe she remarks â€Å"Your lord does know my mind, I cannot love him†. At the second leg of the triangle is Olivia expressing her love for Cesario/Viola. In doing this, she send Malvolio, her steward, with tokens in the form of a ring and messages to declare her passion. Her words â€Å"By maid hood, honour, truth, and everything I love thee so that, mauge all my pride, nor wilt nor reason, can my passion hide† summarizes her feelings and emotions towards Cesario/Viola. However, Cesario, in turn, being female and of the same gender, is not attracted to her and so the situation creates the foundation for unrequited love. Viola acknowledges the complication caused by her disguise and remarks â€Å"Disguise, I see thou art a wickedness†. Viola recognizes the predicament caused by her own actions and remarks subsequently â€Å"I am man, my state is desperate for my master’s love, as I am woman (now alas the day! ) what thriftless signs poor Olivia breathe? †. Thus highlighting disguise being the root of the unrequited love affair. It is through these scenarios that Shakespeare presents love as not always being returned; a realistic fact of love. It is through these characters in Twelfth Night that he airs his perception of love; the fact that complications can pose as great threats or hindrances in love being revealed and returned or the fact that no matter how much one (such as Viola) may love another (Orsino) the reality is the object of affection may never know how you are feeling, as depicted by the relations between Viola and Orsino. Or might not love you back, as in the case of Olivia and Orsino. Nevertheless, albeit, unrequited love is popular throughout the play, there is also true love surfacing. True love is a significant type of love present in Twelfth Night. Shakespeare uses the character, Viola, to depict his perception of love. In contrast to Olivia, who seems to have no difficulty transferring her affections from one love interest to another; thus signaling that her affections run ‘skin deep’ and in contrast to Orsino, who is obsessed with Olivia and his sate of being in love, Viola is the only character who seems to be truly passionately in love as her love is directed to one person throughout the play. Her poignant plight, only serves to highlight, even more, the depth, strength and truth of her feelings and emotions toward Orsino when compared to the fickle passions of the other characters. Violas purity of love appears even more radiant when outlined against the others. With this, Shakespeare reveals the sincerity of love as opposed to the false and mistaken or self-indulgent lovesick passions. Viola, Shakespeare device, who he uses to depict truelove, summarizes the purity of her love with words directed to Orsino, describing herself and her love for him as â€Å" prized in thought, and her love for him, she pined in thought, and with green and yellow melancholy, she sat like a patience in a monument, smiling at grief. Was this not love indeed? Here Shakespeare highlights and addresses the matter of hardships or adversities that ever so common with true love. He depicts it as not being ‘a bed of roses’ or smoothing running and joyous all the time but as something that requires patience, endurance and stick-to-itiveness before one can receive the reward of returned affection as in the end when the disguise ids removed and Orsino realizes his affection for viola. Shakespeare before revealing the optimistic side of love reveals true love as occasionally being painful (‘smiling at grief’) and heart aching, especially when the object of the affection is oblivious. Shakespeare not only concentrates on intimate love but illumines other types of love too. Brotherly love, a minor love theme, is also depicted in the play by which Shakespeare employs Sebastian and viola and even Olivia and her brother to highlight Brotherly love, a shift from the surreal intricacies of true love and the heartaches of unrequited love stories revealed in the play is quite a refreshing change. Shakespeare chooses to use the depiction of love to emphasize the love between siblings while alluding to the realities of siblings relationships, especially  feelings evoked after the loss of a sibling or the experiences of ‘finding’ a lost sibling. The relationship between Viola and Sebastian is pretty close. Shakespeare capitalized upon this, being the optimist he is, as it is the relationship that promulgates brotherly love. When Viola enters Scene 2 of Act 1 upon acknowledging her ‘almost escape’ from death, her first thought is for her brother; he is still missing but Viola refuses to believe that his is indeed dead – â€Å"For in saying so, there’s gold: mine own escape unfoldedth to my hope whereto thy speech serves the authority, the like of him†. It is this scene that Shakespeare introduces the fact that love between siblings never truly dies for amidst the odds of there being no sign of Sebastian’s survival of the shipwreck or presence on shore, Viola never truly concluded that he might be dead but resolves to having hope; hope that he is still alive. This is seen after the captain’s remarks, â€Å"It is perchance that you yourself were sav’d† to which Viola comments â€Å"O my poor brother! And so perchance may he be†. Sebastian, similarly, expresses the same affection of love towards his sister, Speaking highly of her; â€Å"Yet of many accounted beautiful, she bore a mind envy could not but call her fair†, realistically but sweetly lamenting on her ‘death’, â€Å"She has already drowned sir, with salt water, though I seem to drown her remembrance again with more†. The ‘with more’ mentioned her meaning tears. Shakespeare explores the realities of love between siblings and the pain endured associated with losing one. In contrast, Shakespeare in his depiction of brotherly love show the joys affiliated with ‘finding’ a loved one, such as when Viola is mistaken for Sebastian by Antonio, and is reassured that he lives by Antonio mistaking her for him. Her response, â€Å"Methinks his words do such passion fly that he believes himself; so do not I! Prove true imagination, o prove true that I dear brother, be taken for you! † reveals her hope and anticipation cohered with enthusiasm â€Å"O prove true tempests are kind and salt waves fresh in love†. The last Act, Act 5 and Scene 1, portrays the action of the two rejoicing; the overwhelming joy and happiness accompanying the moment. Sebastian saying â€Å" I should my tears let fall upon your cheeks and say ‘trice welcome, drowned Viola’† disposing his feelings to his long lost sister which responds similarly. Olivia too reveals her love for her brother. She is seen ‘ watering her chamber once a day, with eye-offending brine; all to the season- a brother’s dead love, which she keeps fresh and lasting in her remembrance’, thus illustrating the bond and love they shared, not wanting to forget him. She pines away over the loss of him and ceases to continue her life of normalcy. This brotherly love is also revealed in the Captain’s description of her—being, â€Å"A virtuous maid, the daughter of a count that died some twelfthmonth since; then leaving her in the protection of his son, her brother, who shortly after also died; for whose dear love (they say) she hath abjur’d the company and sight of men†. In addition Shakespeare depicts friendly love. Love between friends is manifested in the characters Sebastian and Antonio. Here Shakespeare depicts this love as priceless and invaluable. He highlights some of the aspect characterizing friendly love such as self-sacrifice as when Antonio vouches to accompany Sebastian despite his bad history in the land and the risk of being imprisoned by the Duke or his servants as has ‘enemies in Orsino’s Court’. Shakespeare also depicts the inseparability and selflessness â€Å"Will you stay no longer? Nor will you not I that go with thee† and â€Å"if you will not murder me for my love, let me be your servant†, as Antonio expresses not wanting to part company or experience the aches of separation. Even Sebastian expresses the same feelings after they are reunited—â€Å"Antonio! O my dear Antonio, how the hours rack’d and tortur’d me since I have left thee! † Shakespeare also depicts the concern and consideration associated with friendly love, as when Antonio accompanies Sebastian out of fear that something might befall his friend, remarking to Sebastian â€Å"Being swordless in these parts: which to a stranger unguided and unfriended, often prove rough and inhospitable† and continues, â€Å"My willing love the rather by these arguments of fear set forth in your pursuit†. Shakespeare also depicts friendly love as embodying kindness. Such as the kindness shown to Sebastian when Antonio willingly gave him his purse; in the case that he wished to purchase ‘some toy’ being it that he did not think that Sebastian had enough of his own money to do so. Also in the same gesture he offers to order them meals. Here Shakespeare not only depicts the intricacies of friendship but highlights aspects such as going beyond the ‘call of duty’. The last type under the theme of love being explored is narcissistic love, specifically the idea of being in love, which is undoubtedly explored in Shakespeare character Orsino. Orsino, a powerful nobleman in the country of Illyria is one so lovesick for the beautiful lady Olivia that he becomes somewhat a vehicle that Shakespeare explores the absurdity of love. Orsino, being a supreme egotist, mopes around complaining how lovesick he is over Olivia. However, his actions clearly signify that he chiefly is in love with the idea of being in love and enjoys making a spectacle of himself. He claims to be buffeted by strong emotions but ultimately is seen to be self-indulgent and one who enjoys melodrama and self-involvement more than anything. Orsino pines away in ‘love’ for Olivia that he pities himself with words like, â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on, give me excess of it, surfeiting, the appetite may sicken and so die†. He is so consumed with self-indulgence rather than true love as instead of going personally in a humble manner to Olivia her sends messengers to ‘woo’ her; to â€Å"surprise her with discourse† than to express true feelings. He does so, in the aims that they will ‘act his woes’ much to his gratification, one element that is obviously not associated with true love but with narcissistic love. It is through this spectacle that Shakespeare depicts the demented and delusional side of love. Shakespeare reveals love as being self gratifying and obsessive wearing away in melancholies and pining away in music thinking it would ‘relieve passion much’. Shakespeare depicts this side of love as impacting the individual in such that they show no interest in relating to the outside world preferring to lock themselves up with their sorrows and mope around their home. Shakespeare depicts it as insane and of being nothing but petty pride; it being they do it for reason regarding self and indulgence and of no real strong, genuine or sincere emotion. In closure, Shakespeare depicts the theme of love in Twelfth Night , as being technical having many sides to the various types of loves. First, he identifies the diversity among the general theme of love in such a manner that her presents both sides the optimistic perspective and the pessimistic side. He does so in an astounding manner uses the personality and actions of his characters to reveal it in the play. He, then, explored the realities of true love, unrequited love, and the features of love within friendship, the pains and joys associated with brotherly love and the fragmented illusion and absurdity of narcissistic love in its entirety.

How to Make a Phosphate Buffer Solution

How to Make a Phosphate Buffer Solution The goal of a buffer solution is to help maintain a stable pH when a small amount of acid or base is introduced into a solution. A phosphate buffer solution is a handy buffer to have around, especially for biological applications. Because phosphoric acid has multiple dissociation constants, you can prepare phosphate buffers near any of the three pHs, which are at 2.15, 6.86, and 12.32. The buffer is most commonly prepared at pH 7 using monosodium phosphate and its conjugate base, disodium phosphate. Phosphate Buffer Materials Monosodium phosphateDisodium phosphateWaterPhosphoric acid to make the pH more acidic or sodium hydroxide to make the pH more alkalinepH meterGlasswareHot plate with stirring bar Prepare the Phosphate Buffer Decide on the concentration of the buffer. Most buffers are used at a concentration between 0.1 M and 10 M. If you make up a concentrated buffer solution, you can dilute it as needed.​Decide on the pH for your buffer. This pH should be within one pH unit from the pKa of the acid/conjugate base. So, you can prepare a buffer at pH 2 or pH 7, for example, but pH 9 would be pushing it.Use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation to calculate how much acid and base you need. You can simplify the calculation if you make 1 liter of buffer. Select the pKa value that is closest to the pH of your buffer. For example, if you want the pH of your buffer to be 7, then use the pKa of 6.9: pH pKa log ([Base]/[Acid])ratio of [Base]/[Acid] 1.096The molarity of the buffer is the sum of the molarities of the acid and conjugate base or the sum of [Acid] [Base]. For a 1 M buffer (selected to make the calculation easy), [Acid] [Base] 1.[Base] 1 - [Acid].Substitute this into the ratio and solve:[Base ] 0.523 moles/L.Now solve for [Acid]: [Base] 1 - [Acid], so [Acid] 0.477 moles/L. Prepare the solution by mixing 0.477 moles of monosodium phosphate and 0.523 moles of disodium phosphate in a little less than a liter of water.Check the pH using a pH meter and adjust the pH as necessary using phosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide.Once you have reached the desired pH, add water to bring the total volume of phosphoric acid buffer to 1 L.If you prepared this buffer as a stock solution, you can dilute it to make up buffers at other concentrations, such as 0.5 M or 0.1 M. Advantages and Disadvantages of Phosphate Buffers The two key advantages of phosphate buffers are that phosphate is highly soluble in water and that it has an extremely high buffering capacity. However, these may be offset by certain disadvantages in some situations. Phosphates inhibit enzymatic reactions.Phosphate precipitates in ethanol, so it cant be used in preparations to precipitate DNA or RNA.Phosphates sequester divalent cations (e.g., Ca2 and Mg2).

Evolution and Analysis of The Obama administration's policy lifting Research Paper

Evolution and Analysis of The Obama administration's policy lifting the prohibition of women from serving in combat roles in the - Research Paper Example The excellent roles played by these service women have prompted the congress and the entire military administration to redefine the role of female soldiers in direct ground combat operations. It is worth noting that all these decisions come amid several lawsuits against the Pentagon. Body In one of the lawsuits, women representatives argued that the restriction imposed on them was unconstitutional and was a violation of their rights to protection under the U.S law. There has been a number lifts in bans that earlier took effect within the military. For instance in 1990’s the congress brought to an end the ban on women flying in combat and serving in war ships. In a similar occasion in 2010, the Navy lifted a ban on women serving on war submarines. These changes have enabled women soldiers to participate in wider roles in the military and enhance increased combat experience unlike in the past when unfair combat-exclusion policies were in play. Modern warfare as it is in Afghanis tan and Iraq poses a big challenge to women already serving in combat operations since their services are not officially recognized. This hinders their professional development and access to promotions. The decision to lift the bans is timely and opens opportunity for women soldiers to display their expertise and prowess in warfare on the same capacity as their male counterparts. The decision by President Obama administration fits into the broad spectrum as articulated in the ambitious liberal agenda. While it looked like it was President Obama’s initiative to approve the decision and not the congress, the actual drive and pressure originated from the military itself. In fact, some members of the white house charged with responsibility of reviewing such, decisions did not do so before submitting to the president. It was therefore a joint agreement by the General Chiefs of Staff coupled with the court pressure to eliminate the gender-based barriers within the military. Each of the military branches was to have a full implementation of the policy within six months. According to the opinion of the General Chief of the military, such initiatives should be done once a careful assessment of the possible implications on the ongoing warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan had fully been assessed to avoid sacrificing the trust of the American people as well as the military success. According to the General Chiefs of Staff, such changes could negatively affect the success of war in Afghanistan and Iraq. It is worth noting that these actions had to take place after several years of examination only to be hurried up when the Afghanistan war is at its helm. One could think that it is because of the rising pressure from the high profiled lawsuits, in November 2012, by the American Civil Liberties Union against pentagon on behalf of service women. According to them, leadership positions for service women did not exist within the force and therefore rewarding women heroes had suffered a big blow for a number of years. Citing a case, an Air National Guard helicopter pilot failed to receive combat leadership position after being wounded badly in war simply because the Department of Defense did not officially acknowledge the existence of leadership position for women. Under the U.S law, the General Chief

Western expansion In Africa and Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Western expansion In Africa and Asia - Essay Example In the 14th century, Europeans mainly concentrated in the old system of trading, which connected Africa and Asia. The best ceramics and silks came from china, which prompted the Western states to develop interest in their products.China’s foremost interest was to obtain slaves from Africa, peacocks from India whereas African required cowrie shells and Maldives from the Indian Ocean (McKay et al 2011) Europeans wanted silk and spices from Asia but, unfortunately, they did not have desirable merchandise to give in return. The desire for Europeans to have full access in Asia led to the establishment of numerous empires and the western Hemisphere discovery where after few decades, they did dominate trading connections and political empires in most parts of the world. Consequently, this yielded to the exchange of cultural values, conversions and resistance due to global interactions besides prompting Europeans to fight with the aim of enforcing their cultural values. This was unto the societies that they encountered with the intention of making them understand the essence of the values (McKay et al 2011). (10) The West and Global Economy New imperialism Imperialism was the domination of a state especially based on political, economic and culture of another country (McKay et al 2011). Mainly, this emanated from the west where due to the growth in the industrial revolution and technology intended obtain materials from the less developed states. This is because of insignificant competition in those states by then who had low intellectual capacity, for instance Africa. Additionally, through this practice, the West used to augment their political and economic power, which enabled them to dominate the entire world through the influence of their affluence. European dominated both the African and china coastal territories but they were unable to the natives living in these regions, for instance, Africans, Chinese and Indians (McKay et al 2011). In the year 1800, Euro pe attained considerable power stability, since states, which had strong regimes emerged while the industrial revolution strengthened its numerous states’ economies. New imperialism emerged due to the economic interests by manufactures’ states who ventured in diverse regions in search of natural resources such as rubber and petroleum. Additionally, these states also wanted to get new and reliable markets meant for their industrial goods, which prompted them to apply political and military power to impose new imperialism. Merchant ships needed bases for taking coal and supplies, which led to the seizing of islands to satisfy their needs. In addition, nationalism was another factor that contributed to political interest in other states especially in the third world, where its states seemed to have uncouth civilization by then like Latin America and Africa (McKay et al 2011). The colonial states of then era encompassed the France, which annexed West Africa whereas its riv al Britain seized nearby lands to stop further expansion. Social Darwinism was another factor that led to new imperialism that was then growing among the westerners who practiced and supported the idea of social imperialism. Mainly, this entailed quest to destroy the weaker race because they deemed it was the nature’s way of improving human species. Trade In Indian Ocean Afro-Eurasian trade’s centralization in the Indian Ocean paved way for commercial and cultural exchange in Africa, Asia and Europe. It did increase trade between 7Th and 14Th centuries though it faced a sharp decline during the Black Death. Traders came together in multicultural forms around cities and ports (McKay et al 2011). Many of cities had attained self-governance, and there was minimal violence due to mutual and self-interest issues among the communities who represented the most developed group in the Southern China owing to their desirable trade merchandise. Africa also played a significant ro le in the then global trade besides economy prior

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationship - Essay Example It puts us in a category of our own where we see things from the same eyes, even though we are two separate individuals who have their own respective worldviews (Holt 2005). Even though Austin likes to communicate with me on a consistent level, I have always asked him to meet me more than calling me on the phone because I believe our friendship is on such a level that phone calls could just demean us in someway. Hence it is best that we enjoy each other’s company and this can only happen when we meet regularly. Some important things that govern and essentially define our relationship include the respect that we have for our elders and the love and support to our mutual friends and colleagues. Both of us like to interact with kids, which automatically make us people who like to hang around children quite a lot. Austin and I are known to be extroverts which implies for our comprehension that we like to go out more and more, and thus enjoy the festivities of eating out, partying by the beach as well as a range of other fun-filled activities (Azzarone 2003). We sincerely love the feeling of being close to one another because this is how we view life in its own meticulous way. It also makes us enjoy the world around us together. These important aspects developed with the passage of time as we started knowing each other more and thus we found out that our common traits were very uncommon amongst the people around us. The exceptional two that we were actually made us feel good about our own selves, which strengthened our friendship all the same. Our relationship is more supportive than being defensive at any point in time. This is because we understand each other quite well and it makes our lives easier in contrast to how other best friends live their lives. Our relationship has blossomed with the passage of time and I cannot recall a single instance where we ended up arguing between our selves. I believe this is because both of us respect one another and look up to our unity for the help and assistance that we so may require. Our relationship has thus become a potent force because our trust levels have been tied to who we are and how we view our friendship (White 2002). Some of the specific factors that contribute to the situations which take place on a day to day level comprise of our interaction with the people around us. We both believe in giving our best when it comes to our elders, since we respect them a lot. We always make an effort to help the underprivileged and needy around us, which is something that I and Austin gain satisfaction from. If ever there was a conflict between me and Austin, we would resolve it amicably. This is because both of us believe in keeping away from conflicts and rifts. Fortunately, we have never had a fight as yet which gives us the edge to understand each other better. This is one way to know how much respect I hold for Austin and likewise (Costley 2007). We may have difference of opinions but this has never transpired into conflicts and hence the duration is of no use as far as its mention is concerned. The strategies that we use to resolve conflict would essentially take into perspective listening to one another and giving the other individual the much needed space so that he can think through things and get back. It is an important consideration and both I and Austin are well aware of that. I believe these methods have been quite satisfactory as conflicts are something that can literally mar the basis of any

Effects of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions

Effects of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions The Effects of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions on 10-Year Mortality  Among Adult Smokers 18-64 Eline van den Broek 1 Setting up the Research Designs Background Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States [CDC, 1]. It is estimated that cigarette smoking results in more than 480,000 premature deaths and approximately 8.6 million Americans live with a serious illness caused by smoking [2]. Research has established smoking causes various serious diseases such as cancers, lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and increases in the risk of heart disease, including stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, and aneurysm [3-37]. Various studies, including RCT’s, cohort and case-control studies, concluded that adults who smoke die earlier than nonsmokers [3-37]. Reversely, researchers have also found that preventing deaths caused by smoking would lead to substantial gains in life expectancy [38-41]. While we have gathered extensive information about tobacco use as a major cause of many of the world’s top killer diseases, responsible for the death of about 1 in 10 adults worldwide [42], less is known about the effects of different smoking intervention programs on mortality and life expectancy. Successful smoking cessation interventions almost certainly result in major gains, both in reducing smoking-related illnesses and potentially in preventing premature deaths [43]. The more evidence we have on what type of programs are most effective in smoking cessation, the easier it would be to address the crucial public health and policy question whether these programs are desirable in the context of avoidable mortality. Also, since most studies have focused on comparing smokers to non-smokers, we need more evidence about the effect of different interventions among smokers only. In Colorado, over 900,000 residents currently smoke, with the highest rates among young adults aged 18 to 24 years (28.2%). In 2000, 52.8 percent of adult smokers in Colorado made quit attempts of at least one day. [44] Researchers in the University of Colorado Hospital (UCH) have decided to implement a smoking cessation intervention, including bedside consultation with follow-up therapy and free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). [45] The objective of this study is to determine the effect of this UCH-initiated intervention on 10-year mortality. The aim is to implement hospital systems change to improve inpatient tobacco dependence treatment. [45] Most of the literature involving smoking cessation interventions is related to outpatient interventions. Some studies have focused on the effect of inpatient smoking cessation interventions and rehospitalization. [46] Our study will contribute to that body of literature, focusing rather on an inpatient smoking cessation intervention and it s effect on 10-year mortality. Research Questions and Hypotheses Research Question: Does a hospital-initiated smoking cessation intervention predict lower 10-year mortality rate? Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the hospital-based intervention to encourage tobacco using inpatients to quit smoking has a significant lowering effect on 10-year mortality rate. H0: There is no significant effect of the UCH inpatient smoking cessation intervention and 10-year mortality Ha: There is a significant effect of the UCH inpatient smoking cessation intervention and 10-year mortality Recall bias is a classic form of information bias: we will not collect the correct information, because the subjects in the study report past events in a manner that is different between the two study groups case-control. Since our study will be backwards in directionality, it would in general be more prone to information and recall bias. This happens, for instance, if our cases and controls will differentially recall intervention, related smoking behavior, or any other variables that we include in the model that are based on self-reported data, so that inaccurate recall is related to characteristics of the exposure of interest and of the respondents. Yet in our case, the most important information is collected using information recorded in the electronic medical record, so we will are less worried about this type of bias in our design. Interviewing technique and the study protocol, including the design of questionnaires and the motivation of respondents, play a central role and are under the control of the investigator. [130] Even though we think that our matching process will limit confounding bias, we still may deal with the issue that the influence of one intervention is mixed with the effect the other. For example, the intervention may have led to other healthy lifestyles, such as less alcohol use or more exercise. This would be less relevant in our case, however, because we are really interested in the effect of the intervention on mortality. If the intervention has positive effects on other healthy behaviors, that will not bias our conclusions. In case-control studies, selection bias can occur in the selection of cases if they are not representative of all cases within the population, or in the selection of controls if they are not representative of the population that produced the cases. [131] It could be that cases and/or controls are selected on criteria related to the intervention, for example they are selected differentially on the basis of their intervention or there may be differences in reporting of which intervention they received between cases and controls. We may have a concern with selection bias in our study design, because both the intervention and the outcome have occurred by the time the patient is recruited into the study. The (internal and external) validity of a case-control study depends on the representativeness of controls. [132,133] The controls need to be a representative sample of the study population from which the cases are drawn during the study period. Since we will use a computer generated pool of controls, they will be randomly selected to minimize bias. We do expect some issues with consenting the controls and expect that we will have to use second or third drawn controls to match with some of the cases. Generally, â€Å"hospital controls† are often more easily accessible and tend to be more cooperative than â€Å"population based† controls. [50] A disadvantage of drawing from a hospital population is that we will have an issue with the external validity of the study. The question remains whether we will be able to generalize the results from the UCH-based population to other inpatient interventions or even more broadly: a population based intervention. 4.8 Study Strengths Among the strengths of a case-control study are the fact that they are generally relatively inexpensive, they are short-term studies to conduct (so cheaper and quicker); they are efficient designs for rare diseases or for studies with a lagged outcome like mortality in 10 years; and they can be powerful with small samples of cases. While the 1:2 matching design is intended to eliminate confounding, the main potential benefit of matching in case-control studies is a gain in efficiency. We do need to note that since we currently design the study and the intervention(s) still need to take place, we will have to wait for 10 years to measure the effect on mortality. But as mentioned, another advantage of a case-control study is that they are typically feasible to obtain sufficient numbers of cases when studying rare diseases or diseases with a long latency period, like in our case: mortality in 10 years. We will thus require a smaller sample size than with other designs and we can still evaluate the effect of the different types of interventions. The fact that we have the ability to use multiple controls of the same type has the advantage of increasing the study’s power.

Advertisement Manipulation :: essays research papers

Advertising Manipulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advertisements are located everywhere. No one can go anywhere without seeing at least one advertisement. These ads, as they are called, are an essential part of every type of media. They are placed in television, radio, magazines, and can even be seen on billboards by the roadside. Advertisements allow media to be sold at a cheaper price, and sometimes even free, to the consumer. Advertisers pay media companies to place their ads into the media. Therefore, the media companies make their money off of ads, and the consumer can view this material for a significantly less price than the material would be without the ads. Advertisers’ main purpose is to influence the consumer to purchase their product. This particular ad, located in Sport magazine, attracts the outer-directed emulators. The people that typically fit into this category of consumers are people that buy items to fit in or to impress people. Sometimes ads can be misleading in ways that confuse the c onsumer to purchase the product for reasons other than the actual product was designed for. Advertisers influence consumers by alluding the consumer into buying this product over a generic product that could perform the same task, directing the advertisement towards a certain audience, and developing the ad where it is visually attractive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, a Multi Tap consists of an L-shaped design with four ports to allow for four Playstation controllers instead of the normal two. The Multi Tap is helpful for some Playstation games that allow for more than two people to play. The layout of the Multi Tap advertisement attracts attention when compared to other similar advertisements. The simple, black and white display of the ad stands out when compared to other ads, which are usually bright and colorful. This manner of presenting the information brings about a simplistic alternative to an otherwise complex world. The Multi Tap is then displayed in the center of the ad to draw attention to its unmistakable design. The advertisement makes the readers think that this device is so easy to use; all one has to do is simply plug the Multi Tap into the PlayStation console and start playing. The ad also tells the readers that with less hookup time, the Multi Tap leaves more time to play. The words â€Å"KNOCKOFF MULT I TAPS. NOW YOUR FRIENDS CAN SIMULTANEOUSLY KNOW WHAT A CHEAP BASTARD YOU ARE.† are placed on a black background and emphasized with big, white, bold, capital letters.

Nationalism With A Purpose Essay

The First and the Second World War changed the outlook of the world. Empires ceased to exist. A new concept of nations came into being. Colonies of European countries started to get their independence from foreign rule in quick succession.. Boundaries and territories became essential in deciding where a nation started and ended. Nations have been fighting with each other over boundary lines since history has been recorded however frontiers became exceptionally important with the end of the Second World War and the emergence of the Third world. One place where boundary lines and territory was of great importance was in the Indian subcontinent, which had been under the control of the British Empire from 1858 to 1947. The Indian sub-continent was to be decolonized and partitioned into two countries. A Muslim dominated, Pakistan and a Hindu dominated, India. Surprisingly, it was the first time that nations were being partitioned on the basis of religion. The partition led to many problem s between the two countries. One such issue was the conflict over the state of Kashmir. The dispute over Kashmir has dogged relations between India and Pakistan since the states were created by the partition of British India in 1947. The two countries have fought three wars (in 1947-48, 1965 and 1999). They have also been on the verge of resorting to nuclear weapons over this issue. The fight over Kashmir is an unending conflict. The biggest reason for its insolvability is that leaders of both nations have used religious nationalism to justify the wars and the struggle to incorporate Kashmir while masking the underlying motive of gaining economic and strategic advantages from it. Not both countries only Pakistan The conflict of Kashmir can be traced back to the time of partition and to the events that occurred during the time period when British controlled India was to be divided on religious lines. The state had been under the rule of the Sikh empire and the British had managed to exert their influence on the Singh rulers of the time. The State of Kashmir was important to the British because it worked as buffer zone to prevent invasion into India by Russia, China and Afghanistan. Therefore, as the British desire d the Sinkh monarchy rulers were generally puppets of the Britishprecisely following their orders in word and action. A close alliance was formed between the British and the rulers of Kashmir in this way. However, the partition of the sub-continent brought the in built tensions  amongst the Muslims and Hindus over the state of Kashmir to the forefront.. Muslims under the Muslim League and Hindus under the Congress had been constantly endeavoring for more rights and representation from the British throughout the 1880’s and 90’s. The British finally decided to give India its independence, but the Muslims and Hindus felt entitled to separate states based on a religious divide which according to both was too great for both of them to exist harmoniously. Muslims felt entrapped as a minority in a Hindu dominant country. Through the efforts of Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and Nehru, the leader of the congress, a plan was proposed to separate the two countries. It was the first time in history that such a partition was taking place on the basis of religion. After the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan for a unified India on 1946, the British government announced it s ‘definite intention to take necessary steps to effect the transference of power to responsible Indian hands by a date not later than June 1948.’ Thus, the British sent their last viceroy, Lord Mountbatten to oversee the partition in of the most volatile regions of the world. The general plan of the partition was that the huge areas of Punjab, Bengal and Assam were to be divided according to the majority of the religion in the area. Therefore, the Muslim majority areas ceded to Pakistan and the Hindu majority areas to India. There were a number of princely states that were given the option to cede to India or Pakistan based on a vote to take into account the wishes of the local population. Kashmir was a Muslim majority state with a Hindu ruler. The ruler Hari Singh was confused as to where he should cede. Meanwhile, Sir Cyrill Radcliffe was sent by the British government to make an exact boundary line to divide the Punjab province now famously referred to as the Radcliffe Award Boundary Commission. According to the commission, the three Muslim majority tehsils of the Gurdaspur district were given to India. This went against the laws, which divided the rest of India. Nonetheless, Hari Singh’s hesitation to cede to either nation was to be the reason for his own tragedy. (Was Kashmir part of one of the tehsils given to India by Radcliffe? If not the last two sentences make, no sense.) With nation building and the formation of a new states came the concept of ‘nationalism.’ Nationalism involves the concept of an imagined community by a particular community. It includes certain people in this imagined community and excludes others. India was portioned on the basis of  religion so they had envisioned what areas came into their respective imagined communities. Unfortunately, they both envisioned Kashmir to be a part of their newly founded nations. As religious nationalism was the basis of the partition of India, it also became a veil to mask the real motives for the fight for Kashmir between the newly independent states of Pakistan and India. Kashmir had a Muslim majority population of 3,101,247 (77.1 %). The first war over Kashmir was fought in 1947 when there was a Poonch uprising in the state against Hari Singh. Pakistan sent in forces to secure the area out of fear that Kashmir would end up going to India. However, against preliminary plans the Paki stani troops ended up trying to invade Srinagar, Kahsmir’s capital. Hari Singh was afraid and made a deal to cede to India if India helped fight Pakistan. The fact that Pakistan and India fight a war over Kashmir a few months after they came into existence provided they had very limited supplies and could hardly stand up on their own as independent countries speaks volumes of the states religious and hidden economic importance. It is pertinent to look back at what Jinnah said to the Kashmiri leaders during the 1947 partition highlighting the decision of Hari Singh. In his speech, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, first governor general of Pakistan said, â€Å"I hope that the Maharaja and the Prime Minister of Kashmir will realize the fast changing circumstances and wisdom demands that the feelings of the Muslims who form eighty percent of the population should not be ignored, much less hurt.’ Therefore, it you observe closely, Jinnah made the issue of Kashmir, an issue to do with Islam and Muslims. The rhetoric he states in his speech is for a plea to pro tect the wishes of the ‘Muslims’ in Kashmir. The civilians in the newly founded Pakistan would also think in the same way about the issue of Kashmir as having to do with Islam and their duty to help their Muslim brothers. The tact of religious nationalism is used as a mask. The very first president of Pakistan used this to make a claim over Kashmir. Therefore, the claim for Kashmir to be part of Pakistan as a religious mission was indeed a pertinent ploy to guarantee the support of civilians of the state. The second war was fought over Kashmir in 1965. After the first war, the British had decided on a plebiscite to take place in Kashmir to decide its fate. India and Pakistan had both initially agreed on this but India went back on its word and occupied Kashmiri territory. Therefore, the 1965 war was fought on the same platform. At the time,  President Ayub Khan was in power in Pakistan, a military dictator and the first of many that the country would see in its short history. The collection of the speeches of the soldier and statesman, organized by Rais Ahmd Jafri shows how he too follows a similar agenda about religious nationalism during his tenure as leader of Pakistan. The first is a speech on 25th August 1961 in Karachi at the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. He states â€Å"The difference between Pakistan and other Muslim countries is that the upsurge in these other Muslim countries is racial, linguistic, territorial, anti-imperialist, anti-colonial and very little religious.† Therefore, we can see that like Jinnah, Ayub Khan preached about the importance of Islam in Pakistan. He tried to inform Pakistanis about the significance of religion in the formation of their state of Pakistan and their role as falg bearers of Islam in the region. In his first broadcast on 1st November 1963, Ayub Khan made another speech in regards to the situation in Kashmir. He stated, â€Å"The government and the people of India know that they have no right to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The world at large knows it. So the proposed integration would only heighten India’s guilt. It would correspondingly heighten our resolve to free our bret hren from their bondage. Those who transgress deceive nobody except themselves.† Looking at this excerpt from this speech, we can see how Ayub Khan was preparing the civilians for another war with India. He claimed Pakistan’s right for Kashmir on the basis of Islam decisively labeling the residents of Kashmir as brothers of the citizens of Pakistan. Kashmir is a Muslim populated area and thus it is Pakistan’s responsibility to free their ‘brethren.’ Ayub Khan is using religion as a rhetorical force here. With Islam as a mechanism, Pakistanis would believe that they it is their responsibility to God to help other Muslim brothers and support the upcoming war and struggle for Kashmir. Therefore, it is vial to see how Pakistani leaders over time have used religion as a basis to motivate Pakistanis to think that the freedom of Kashmir is their responsibility and thae oppressors of their Kashmiri brother’s, enemies of Pakistan and Muslims in general. Similarly, India used nationalistic mechanisms and rhetoric to convince civilians and army officers to fight and support the war, while hiding the real economic intentions in regards to Kashmir. The ‘1965 War Story- Defense Minister Y.B Chavan’s Diary of India-Pakistan War gives an insight into how the same  sense of nationalism had influenced Indians during the crisis. On September 20, 1965 Chavan writes in his diary, â€Å" It was not an accident but was shot fown by Pakistani fighter planes near Bhuj. It was surprising that the plane went off the track nearly by 50 miles between Ahmedabad-Mithapur. I hate these Pakistanis.† Therefore, this quote shows a different perspective. It shows the opinion and the thoughts of someone who was at service to India. Hate is a strong word to use, but yet Chavan casually writes it down in his diary. Therefore, nationalistic forces help create animosity. They declare the other side to be the ‘enemy.’ In this case, Pakistanis are bad and they should be hated. This mentality about Pakistanis being the enemy helped the generals and army officers to wage war against Pakistan. It was a way for them to suppor t and fight the war. It is important to see how leaders of the state had brainwashed army officers into listening to the states orders. Most generals and minister did not even know what they were fighting for or what they hoped to achieve. They were simply following orders with hate for the Pakistanis due to the differences that the state had created for them. (This bolded part is very vague and not clear at all. Diaries are suppose to be casual, its his personal diary not a novel. In a state of war the other side is suppose to be the enemy. Maybe you should highlight how the indian government tried to increase nationalism maybe by using religion or the atrocities of the Muslims or some other reason to motivate its forces.) The diary of an Indian war captive in Pakistan shows another similar example of this nationalism effect on the Indians. LT Col SS Chowdhary writes in his personal narrative called, ‘Prisoner of War,† about his experiences as a captive on enemy soil in the 1965 war. This source is important because it shows the views about Pakistan from an Indian colonel. Unlike the former presidents of Pakistan, Ayub Khan and Muhammad Jinnah, the colonel is not promoting the nationalism that leads to hat red and animosity but he is actually on the side that is getting influenced. He talks about the hatred felt during sport matches between India and Pakistan. He says, â€Å"They would lose to any country but India. So much is their hatred for India.† Therefore, we can see the extent to which people on both sides hate each other. The whole concept of a ‘them’ and and ‘us’ is created by nationalism and is the creation of leaders of state to justify war. He goes on to talk about his experience in the reflection state  when he says, â€Å"A Muslim is generally considered to be cruel and unkind.† Therefore, his experience as a prisoner of war changes his perspective about Muslims. It is important to realize that Hindus and Muslims grow up considering the other to be cruel, unkind and generally ‘bad.’ It is the leaders of the state that carry out this propaganda to meet their own aims and steer the sentiment of the general public in their way. (you should elaborate in this paragraph what created that hate of them and us between the two states, that’s hat you thesis is about.) Going t hrough examples of both countries, it is visible that religion was the basis of the partition of the subcontinent. However, religious nationalism was used by the states to brainwash the public into hating their respective neighbor. Both India and Pakistan have used religious differences to create hostility within their populations towards the other. This is the clever tactic that was used and is still being used by both countries in order to hide the real reason for fighting over Kashmir. The real purpose is that India and Pakistan both seek to gain economically and strategically from taking over Kashmir. This can easily be seen from the fact that Pakistan lost East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Bangladesh got its independence from Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh is a Muslim populated area and was a part of Pakistan. The injustices Pakistan inflicted on Bangladesh furthers the case that Pakistan does not care about Muslim brothers. Like other countries, it only seeks to gain economic and strategic advances. Similarly, India also seeks to gain immensely from taking over Kashmir and creates a faà §ade about her sovereign and nationalistic right to take over it. After this part the essay is good! Kashmir is much more than disputed territory. It is a haven for untapped natural resources and land. Geographically, it can be divided into the two states of Jammu and Kashmir encompassing 84,471 square miles. It is the largest state in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. An article about the economic background of Kashmir by S.M Hudda shows us the economic potential of Kashmir and the benefits that both countries could gain if they took over it. Unlike other areas of the world, Kashmir is untapped. It has immense natural resources that have not been exploited. Even the mineral resources of the country are largely unexplored except in Riazi and Jammu. Therefore, both Pakistan and India are developing countries and can use Kashmir to tap  these mineral and natural resources. The article further states that Kashmir has an abundance of water resources. Hydel power could be generated using these water resources. India and Pakistan have extreme power shortages throughout the country and are in need for more power resources. This could solve their problem of power shortages. Therefore, this article provides evidence as to how Kashmir is a haven of untapped natural resources and one of the major reasons that both states are fighting over it. Kashmir also has a unique strategic location. This strategic location could help both countries militarily and economically. Kashmir borders Russia, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Thus Kashmir works as a valuable window on these other regional powers. If Pakistan gets Kashmir, it can gain a military advantage over India. It will have a direct route to India and can attack it easily in the advent of war. India would have a similar advantage. The country, which gets a hold of Kashmir, can protect its borders this way. Thus, the national security of Kashmir is vital for the security of both India and Pakistan. Kashmir also maintains a key position as a trading route. It provides a pass to trade with Central Asia. India and Pakistan could gain economically from the exports and imports from this trading route. Sec ondly, another strategic advantage that India and Pakistan both seek to gain is in regards to the water resources. Water is a vital resource for any country’s self-reliance. Shockingly, the rivers Sindh, Ravi, Jhelum and Chena that flow through India and Pakistan originate in Kashmir. These rivers are important to support the economy of both Pakistan and India. Both countries are agro-based and dominantly depend on agriculture to support them. Therefore, these rivers prove as a lifeline to both countries. Even so, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first president of Pakistan has been quoted saying that Kashmir is the jugular vein of Pakistan for this very reason. Both countries also fear that if the other gets hold of Kashmir, then they will cut the water supply to the other. Therefore, it is visible that Kashmir has great strategic and economic value to both Pakistan and India. Despite these advantages, India and Pakistan also exploit Kashmir to their benefit. This also proves the claim that both countries have never been interested in protecting the rights of the people and the only interest has been an economic one. An article in the Economic and Political Weekly explores the exploitation of Kashmir by India. It states that India seeks to  gain greatly from Kashmir. The article states, â€Å"Furthermore, though couched in terms of security, this is not a question of security. The real question is that of expansion, security is a way of justifying that expansion in terms that appeal to national sentiments. What is at stake is not a genuine security interest, but the interest of being able to exploit markets and being able to dispose of labor surplus.† Therefore, we can see that India has been exploiting markets in Kashmir for a long time and this is why she wants complete control. Another example of such exploitation is that India shows that it supports and gives aid to Kashmir but actually this leads to more financial burden. The budget deficit of Kashmir was 370 crore rupees and 300 crore were from interest payments from India. Also, India has built a highway linking Jammu and Srinigar . This highway helps India gain security but it also helps them in ‘taking out Kashmir’s timber and other primary products out.’ Ironically, the money for the highway comes directly from Kashmir’s budget. India is only looking out for its own selfish interest and is completely exploiting its Kashmiri colony. This is why it wants to take complete control of Kashmir. Commercial trade is also another way that India is exploiting Kashmir. India has managed to exert influence and developed free trade with Kashmir. Kashmir has two natural resources: forests and water. There has been extensive deforestation and the wood has been taken out and used for Indian railways. The hydroelectric power plant contracts also go almost entirely to Indian companies. Therefore, India is not capitally investing in Kashmir but is only investing in power generations and transmission so she can better exploit Kashmir’s natural resources. Pakistan has also followed a similar expl oitation method in its colony of Kashmir. It proves the argument that religious nationalism is only part of propaganda that state leaders have made and continue to make to solidify their claim over Kashmir. The people of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan’s colony have sent hundreds of requests to the Pakistani High Commissioner in London to grant them export licenses so they could establish small scale industries in Kashmir. All these requests were not accepted, while Pakistani nationals were given export licenses for machinery. Another example of such exploitation is that there are eight thousand Kashmiri workers living in Britain who send remittances of about a million pounds each month to their families in Kashmir. Ironically, Pakistanis also own most of the banks in  Kashmir. Hence, the Pakistani government earns a huge amount of profits through foreign exchange and invests the money into Pakistan. Like India, Pakistan also exploits the forest reserve of Kashmir. The forest contracts are given to Pakistani nationals who offer much less than Kashmiri nationals. Surprisingly, most of the contracts are given to members of the military service. Pakistan has also prevented the workers to form a union in Kashmir while it has been allowed in Pakistan. Therefore, we can see that Azad Kashmir is a colony like Bangladesh was. Pakistan does not care about her ‘Muslim brethren.’ That is the charade they use in order to get complete control of Kashmir so they can gain full economic advantage through exploitation. However, we have seen how nationalism is a newly invented ideology and how powerful it is. States use it to brainwash the public and members of the civil and military sector to hide real intentions. In the case of Kashmir, the issue has not ended since the partition in 1947. The biggest reason for this unending conflict is that both states have used religious nationalism to show the other as the ‘enemy.’ In the case of Pakistan, both former presidents have used Islam as a rhetorical device to convince civilians. In the case of India, the effect of this religious nationalism can be seen on the military officers who are willing to die for the sake of defeating the enemy. However, it is used to hide the underlying objective of both countries- gain economic and strategic advantages. Therefore, whoever seeks to gain Kashmir gains immensely from exploiting its natural resources, market and suppressed laborers? The issue could have been resolved if religious nationalism was put to the side and an economic deal was made between both India and Pakistan. Nonetheless, it shows how state leaders can use nationalism as a tool to herd people to their cause and exploit them in this way.